方便地访问社交媒体上的视听内容，结合了现代工具的可用性，如Tensorflow或Cheras，开源训练型和经济的计算基础设施，以及深度学习（DL）方法的快速演变，特别是生成的对抗性网络（GAN）使得可以生成DeepFakes来传播欺骗，复仇色情，金融欺诈，恶作剧，并扰乱政府运作。现有调查主要集中在检测到DeepFake图像和视频。本文提供了对基于工具和机器学习（ML）基于DeepFake发电的方法的全面审查和详细分析，以及用于检测音频和视觉泡泡的这种操纵的方法。对于每类DeepFake，我们讨论与操纵方法，当前公共数据集和绩效评估的关键标准相关的信息以及其结果。此外，我们还讨论了开放的挑战，并列举了未来的指导，以引导未来的研究人员对需要​​考虑的问题，以改善深蓝生成和检测的域。预计这项工作有望帮助读者了解DeepFakes的创作和检测机制，以及他们当前的限制和未来方向。

开发旨在增强胎儿监测的创新信息学方法是生殖医学研究的新领域。已经对人工智能（AI）技术进行了几项评论，以改善妊娠结局。他们的限制是专注于特定数据，例如怀孕期间母亲的护理。这项系统的调查旨在探讨人工智能（AI）如何通过超声（US）图像帮助胎儿生长监测。我们使用了八个医学和计算机科学书目数据库，包括PubMed，Embase，Psycinfo，ScienceDirect，IEEE Explore，ACM图书馆，Google Scholar和Web of Science。我们检索了2010年至2021年之间发表的研究。从研究中提取的数据是使用叙述方法合成的。在1269项检索研究中，我们包括了107项与调查中有关该主题的查询的不同研究。我们发现，与3D和4D超声图像（n = 19）相比，2D超声图像更受欢迎（n = 88）。分类是最常用的方法（n = 42），其次是分割（n = 31），与分割（n = 16）集成的分类和其他其他杂项，例如对象检测，回归和增强学习（n = 18）。妊娠结构域中最常见的区域是胎儿头（n = 43），然后是胎儿（n = 31），胎儿心脏（n = 13），胎儿腹部（n = 10），最后是胎儿的面孔（n = 10）。在最近的研究中，深度学习技术主要使用（n = 81），其次是机器学习（n = 16），人工神经网络（n = 7）和增强学习（n = 2）。 AI技术在预测胎儿疾病和鉴定怀孕期间胎儿解剖结构中起着至关重要的作用。需要进行更多的研究来从医生的角度验证这项技术，例如试点研究和有关AI及其在医院环境中的应用的随机对照试验。

We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.

Accurately predicting their future performance can ensure students successful graduation, and help them save both time and money. However, achieving such predictions faces two challenges, mainly due to the diversity of students' background and the necessity of continuously tracking their evolving progress. The goal of this work is to create a system able to automatically detect students in difficulty, for instance predicting if they are likely to fail a course. We compare a naive approach widely used in the literature, which uses attributes available in the data set (like the grades), with a personalized approach we called Personalized Student Attribute Inference (PSAI). With our model, we create personalized attributes to capture the specific background of each student. Both approaches are compared using machine learning algorithms like decision trees, support vector machine or neural networks.

Can a neural network estimate an object's dimension in the wild? In this paper, we propose a method and deep learning architecture to estimate the dimensions of a quadrilateral object of interest in videos using a monocular camera. The proposed technique does not use camera calibration or handcrafted geometric features; however, features are learned with the help of coefficients of a segmentation neural network during the training process. A real-time instance segmentation-based Deep Neural Network with a ResNet50 backbone is employed, giving the object's prototype mask and thus provides a region of interest to regress its dimensions. The instance segmentation network is trained to look at only the nearest object of interest. The regression is performed using an MLP head which looks only at the mask coefficients of the bounding box detector head and the prototype segmentation mask. We trained the system with three different random cameras achieving 22% MAPE for the test dataset for the dimension estimation

The issue of left before treatment complete (LBTC) patients is common in emergency departments (EDs). This issue represents a medico-legal risk and may cause a revenue loss. Thus, understanding the factors that cause patients to leave before treatment is complete is vital to mitigate and potentially eliminate these adverse effects. This paper proposes a framework for studying the factors that affect LBTC outcomes in EDs. The framework integrates machine learning, metaheuristic optimization, and model interpretation techniques. Metaheuristic optimization is used for hyperparameter optimization--one of the main challenges of machine learning model development. Three metaheuristic optimization algorithms are employed for optimizing the parameters of extreme gradient boosting (XGB), which are simulated annealing (SA), adaptive simulated annealing (ASA), and adaptive tabu simulated annealing (ATSA). The optimized XGB models are used to predict the LBTC outcomes for the patients under treatment in ED. The designed algorithms are trained and tested using four data groups resulting from the feature selection phase. The model with the best predictive performance is interpreted using SHaply Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. The findings show that ATSA-XGB outperformed other mode configurations with an accuracy, area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, and F1-score of 86.61%, 87.50%, 85.71%, 87.51%, and 86.60%, respectively. The degree and the direction of effects of each feature were determined and explained using the SHAP method.

Are extralinguistic signals such as image pixels crucial for inducing constituency grammars? While past work has shown substantial gains from multimodal cues, we investigate whether such gains persist in the presence of rich information from large language models (LLMs). We find that our approach, LLM-based C-PCFG (LC-PCFG), outperforms previous multi-modal methods on the task of unsupervised constituency parsing, achieving state-of-the-art performance on a variety of datasets. Moreover, LC-PCFG results in an over 50% reduction in parameter count, and speedups in training time of 1.7x for image-aided models and more than 5x for video-aided models, respectively. These results challenge the notion that extralinguistic signals such as image pixels are needed for unsupervised grammar induction, and point to the need for better text-only baselines in evaluating the need of multi-modality for the task.

The BLOOM model is a large open-source multilingual language model capable of zero-shot learning, but its pretraining was limited to 46 languages. To improve its zero-shot performance on unseen languages, it is desirable to adapt BLOOM, but previous works have only explored adapting small language models. In this work, we apply existing language adaptation strategies to BLOOM and benchmark its zero-shot prompting performance on eight new languages. We find language adaptation to be effective at improving zero-shot performance in new languages. Surprisingly, adapter-based finetuning is more effective than continued pretraining for large models. In addition, we discover that prompting performance is not significantly affected by language specifics, such as the writing system. It is primarily determined by the size of the language adaptation data. We also add new languages to BLOOMZ, which is a multitask finetuned version of BLOOM capable of following task instructions zero-shot. We find including a new language in the multitask fine-tuning mixture to be the most effective method to teach BLOOMZ a new language. We conclude that with sufficient training data language adaptation can generalize well to diverse languages. Our code is available at \url{https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/multilingual-modeling/}.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

We present Masked Audio-Video Learners (MAViL) to train audio-visual representations. Our approach learns with three complementary forms of self-supervision: (1) reconstruction of masked audio and video input data, (2) intra- and inter-modal contrastive learning with masking, and (3) self-training by reconstructing joint audio-video contextualized features learned from the first two objectives. Pre-training with MAViL not only enables the model to perform well in audio-visual classification and retrieval tasks but also improves representations of each modality in isolation, without using information from the other modality for fine-tuning or inference. Empirically, MAViL sets a new state-of-the-art on AudioSet (53.1 mAP) and VGGSound (67.1% accuracy). For the first time, a self-supervised audio-visual model outperforms ones that use external supervision on these benchmarks. Code will be available soon.